Average Atomic Number and Electron Backscattering in Compounds

Factors determining the average atomic volumes in intermetallic compounds.

In formation of an intermetallic compound from the elementary metals there is usually a contraction in volume. Electron transfer leading to the charge states M(+) and M(-) with increase in valence and decrease in volume explains the more than 2-fold range in contraction for different compounds in the same binary system. In a more thorough analysis, the better packing of atoms of different sizes...

Anomalous Atomic Number Contrast in Compositional Backscattered Electron Images of Organic Compounds Due to Cathodoluminescence

It is generally accepted that when multi-component materials are examined with a scanning electron microscope, the contrast differences observed using compositional backscattered electron imaging are due to variations in their average atomic numbers. With increasing atomic number, there is an approximate monotonic increase in backscatter coefficient, which is observed as an increase in the brig...

Discussion of Electron Induced Atomic Number Contrast

In this paper, atomic number (Z) contrast from electron induced images is revisited. Z contrast obtained with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is generally associated with the collection of backscattered electrons (BSEs) and is considered to exhibit a monotonic increase in BSE signal with Z [1]. However, there is no monotonic relationship of the backscattering coefficient, η, with Z at elec...

Spectral attenuation and backscattering as indicators of average particle size.

Measurements of the particulate beam attenuation coefficient at multiple wavelengths in the ocean typically exhibit a power law dependence on wavelength, and the slope of that power law has been related to the slope of the particle size distribution (PSD), when assumed to be a power law function of particle size. Recently, spectral backscattering coefficient measurements have been made using se...

Stimulated Backscattering From Relativistic Unmagnetized Electron Beams